Washington will host a C5+1 summit on November 6, marking the tenth anniversary of the regional diplomatic platform that brings together the United States and the five Central Asian states: Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Since its establishment in 2015, the C5+1 has served as the primary forum for advancing cooperation on economic, energy and minerals, and security issues. This year’s summit carries particular weight: It comes at a moment when China and Russia are rapidly deepening their foothold in Central Asia’s minerals and infrastructure, positioning themselves at the center of the region’s emerging supply chains....

President Donald Trump and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese have signed a landmark Critical Minerals Framework, marking a major step toward advancing both nations’ ambitions for energy and minerals dominance. The agreement—finalized after five months of negotiations—aims to accelerate the buildout of resilient, allied mineral supply chains and reduce reliance on adversaries....

Beijing’s new export curbs turn resource dominance into a weapon, threatening Western access to vital materials...

In advance of President Donald Trump’s upcoming visit to South Korea later this month—where he is expected to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time since 2019—China announced that it has expanded its restrictions on rare earth and permanent magnet exports. The Chinese Ministry of Commerce’s Announcement No. 61 of 2025 implements the strictest rare earth and permanent magnet export controls to date. The move both strengthens Beijing’s leverage in upcoming talks while also undercutting U.S. efforts to bolster its industrial base....

Broader value of the legislation is in strengthening commercial diplomacy beyond mining in Africa ...

The Issue...

Beijing has a long track record of flooding markets, pulling back, and over-producing again...

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), first signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 2000, is a unilateral U.S. trade preference program set to expire in September 2025. Its pending reauthorization has sparked debate over whether—and how—it should be extended and reformed. A failure to extend AGOA could have larger ramifications at a time when the United States is doubling down on its commercial diplomacy—and more specifically, its mineral diplomacy efforts—with Africa....

On August 4, on the 60th anniversary of the Cook Islands’ becoming a self-governing state, the United States and Cook Islands announced bilateral cooperation to advance deep-sea mining exploration in Cook Islands waters. This comes on the heels of an executive order (EO) titled “Unleashing America’s Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources” that President Trump signed in April this year, paving the way for deep-sea resource exploration and extraction both within U.S. territorial waters and in international waters....

The United States led global production of rare earth elements (REEs) until the mid-1990s, when China emerged as the dominant supplier. China maintained near-total control of the market until 2012. This monopoly began to face limited competition with the entry of two commercial producers: U.S.-based Molycorp, which later declared bankruptcy, and Australia’s Lynas Rare Earths. Today, REEs are once again in the spotlight as China has leveraged its market dominance by imposing export restrictions that limit U.S. access to these key minerals....

Shift to commercial diplomacy is a promising step towards integrating African nations into global economy...

On July 9, 2025, President Trump announced the imposition of a sweeping 50 percent tariff on all imported copper, effective August 1. The announcement followed a five-month investigation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, through which the administration concluded that strengthening domestic copper production and reducing reliance on imports—including copper ore, scrap, and derivative products—is crucial to national security and that foreign reliance is undermining U.S. security interests....